The way in which Media Exposure is measured (e.g., exposure, recall or recognition)
The way in which the answers of the respondents were administrated, for example self-report, other-report or registration.
The medium or media towards which exposure was measured. This can be more than one medium.
The research area in which the measurement has taken place. For instance, political, entertainment, advertising, health, sex or general. A research can belong to more than one research area.
Survey participants were asked how often they used each of the following platforms: Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Google Plus. The frequency of use of each social media platform was combined into an additive scale of general social media use, reversed so that higher values reflected higher frequency of use.
Participants filled out online media diaries on 1 random weekday and 1 random weekend day in the month.
Measures mothers’ television viewing time. Television viewing time in hours per timeline was calculated by adding all of the marked checkboxes and dividing this sum by 4. Weekly television viewing time was calculated by multiplying the weekday viewing hours (Timeline 1) by 4 and adding the result to the number of hours reported for Wednesday (Timeline 2) and Saturday and Sunday (Timeline 3).
Measures children’s television viewing time according to the procedure outlined by Van den Bulck and colleagues (e.g., Van den Bulck, 2006; Van den Bulck & Hofman, 2009)
Measures both the frequency and content of adolescents' media exposure regardless of media channel. The scale includes 17 items that assess exposure to antisocial (8 items) and neutral (9 items) media content.
Measures the level of television exposure. Participants provide de amount of previous day television viewing, and their usual weekday viewing levels.
Measures general media exposure: TV (hrs/week), radio (hrs/week), internet (hrs/week), newspaper (days/week), national TV news (days/week), and local TV news (days/week)
The Content-based Media Exposure (C-ME) Scale includes 12 items that measure the extent to which one exposes him-/herself to antisocial or risk behavior media content, and 10 items that measure exposure to pro-social media content. The C-ME measures both the frequency and the content of adolescents’ and young adults’ media exposure, regardless of how the media is consumed (e.g., via TV, Internet, DVD, games).
Measures exposure to television: weekends and weekdays, number of hours a day
Measures general media use in the past week
Audience access: Respondents were asked whether they have access to television in their current residence. Then, respondents were asked to report the number of channels they can access through their TV sets and the cost for the multi-channel service in their current residence.
Audience availability: Measures the number of hous that a person is available to watch television. It is based on the respondent’s selection of time periods s/he is available to watch television on a typical weekday and a typical weekend.
Measures media use. Respondents were asked either typical week or past week questions assessing exposure to television news and newspapers.
Measures frequency of newspaper reading.
Measures the use of the internet in the last six months.
Measures magazine reading in the past year.
Measures radio use in the weekend.
Measures radio listening on an average weekday.
Measures television watching in the weekend.
Measures television watching on an average weekday.
Measures general media use by averaging television, newspaper and internet use in the past seven days.
Measures content-relevant and content-irrelevant television viewing. The former was constructed by adding the number of hours per week participants indicated that they watched the categories of daytime soap operas, evening dramas, news, news magazines, tabloid news, daytime talk shows, movies on television, and movies on VCR. The latter was constructed by adding the number of hours per week participants indicated they watched in the remaining categories (sports, comedies, music television, late night talk shows, and game shows).
Measures national network news exposure.
This measure made use of Nielsen's people meter: each television set was attached to a meter and household members indicated the beginning and end of their viewing by pushing a button.
