The way in which Media Exposure is measured (e.g., exposure, recall or recognition)
The way in which the answers of the respondents were administrated, for example self-report, other-report or registration.
The medium or media towards which exposure was measured. This can be more than one medium.
The research area in which the measurement has taken place. For instance, political, entertainment, advertising, health, sex or general. A research can belong to more than one research area.
Measures political media use. Respondents indicated their frequency of use of different media separately. The scales were inverted and rescaled to range between 0 (never) to 1 (daily) to enable an assessment of maximum effects.
Measures reliance for information on a given medium
This exposure measure consist of a simple three-step measurement: Audio, page and stream.
This measure was designed to determine if respondents misreport their exposure to television news because they do not devote sufficient effort to recalling instances of news exposure and estimating a frequency.
This measure makes use of the ‘‘item count technique’’ (Miller, 1984): Respondents read a list of behaviors and are asked to report how many of those behaviors they performed the day before the interview. This measure allows respondents to report their news exposure without revealing it to the interviewer, thus relieving presentational pressures.
This measure makes use of certain 'anchors' and thereby follows survey methodologists’ recommendations to point respondents towards effective estimation rules. Information about the frequency of the behavior in the population offers respondents a reference point for their estimates and encourages them to consider whether or not this reference point applies to them.
Measures individuals’ actual consumption of political media by testing three different measures of media exposure and compare them to the actual exposure.
Measures the amount of attention respondents paid to political news by two follow-up questions (first, respondents were asked either typical week or past week questions assessing exposure to television news and newspapers)
Newspapers: frequency of reading.
Measures newspaper use (subscription, bought, read).
This 'combined measure' of exposure to television advertising combines information about the viewing habits of individuals and the actual distribution of campaign advertisements. In this measure, exposure to a particular television ad is regarded as a function of two factors: the frequency with which an advertisement is aired in a particular media market and the quantity of television viewing by a particular respondent. This measure therefore weighs the frequency with which an advertisement is aired with self-reported television viewing for the relevant daypart.
Measures general media use in the past week
Measures focused media use: frequency of media use about politics
Measures exposure to talk radio (in the last week).
Measures exposure to radio news (in the last week).
Measures exposure to local newspaper news (in the last week).
Measures exposure to local television news (in the last week).
Measures the exposure to national and international newspaper news (in the last week)
Measures the exposure to national television news (in the last week)
Measures respondents their news exposure (days per week / minutes per day) for each of the four channels: newspaper, television, internet and radio
Panelists were offered a web-enabled smart phone. The IMMI phones detect ambient room noise for each panelist on every day. The sounds were encoded, not recorded. By automatically comparing the uploaded audio fingerprints captured by the phones with audio fingerprints stored on the IMMI servers, IMMI identifies all of the media to which each respondent is exposed to.
Measures media exposure to four different news sources: television news on broadcast networks, television news on cable networks, print newspaper and online news. If respondents indicated that they had used a media source in the last week, then this measurement measures news media use attention to the news source.
Measures media exposure and recall towards television news with a program list.
