The way in which Media Exposure is measured (e.g., exposure, recall or recognition)
The way in which the answers of the respondents were administrated, for example self-report, other-report or registration.
The medium or media towards which exposure was measured. This can be more than one medium.
The research area in which the measurement has taken place. For instance, political, entertainment, advertising, health, sex or general. A research can belong to more than one research area.
Participants were asked to name their five favorite video games. After naming each game, participants responded on scales anchored at 1 and 7, rating how often they played the game and how violent the content and graphics of the game were.
Participants filled out online media diaries on 1 random weekday and 1 random weekend day in the month.
Measures the degree to which participants consume violence on television or in games. The frequency and violent content items for each title are multiplied with each other; these scores are then averaged.
Measures exposure to violent content on television and in electronic games with two items each (four items total). The two items for each medium were multiplied to calculate the number of hours per week of violent television and violent game exposure.
This is modified version of the General Media Habits Questionnaire (Anderson & Dill, 2000). To calculate EMV exposure, ratings of physical violence for each title were multiplied by the corresponding amount of time spent watching or playing, and averaged for all 10 listed favorite media.
Measures both the frequency and content of adolescents' media exposure regardless of media channel. The scale includes 17 items that assess exposure to antisocial (8 items) and neutral (9 items) media content.
Childhood TV-violence viewing: A child’s overall violence score was computed by summing the violence scores for the favorite programs and weighting them by how often they were watched.
The Content-based Media Exposure (C-ME) Scale includes 12 items that measure the extent to which one exposes him-/herself to antisocial or risk behavior media content, and 10 items that measure exposure to pro-social media content. The C-ME measures both the frequency and the content of adolescents’ and young adults’ media exposure, regardless of how the media is consumed (e.g., via TV, Internet, DVD, games).
This scale measures self-reported exposure to violent content in TV shows and games.
Adult TV-violence viewing: A participant’s adult TV-violence viewing score was computed as the average violence rating for the participant’s three favorite regularly scheduled TV programs, weighted by the frequency of viewing each show.
